Alajaure Naturreservat hiking terrain and navigation AI-pedia

Alajaure Nature Reserve (known in Northern Sámi as Álájávri naturreservat) is an expansive protected wilderness area situated in Kiruna Municipality, Norrbotten County, Sweden. Covering roughly 310 square kilometres of subarctic and alpine terrain, the reserve lies northeast of the Scandinavian mountain spine (Skanderna) and southeast of Lake Torneträsk. The reserve is centered on Lake Álájávri, a vast, shallow subarctic lake known for its high concentrations of nesting waterfowl and waders, which has earned the central wetland basin international recognition under the Ramsar Convention.

Unlike intensively managed national parks such as Abisko or Padjelanta, Alajaure receives far fewer visitors and has minimal built infrastructure. While national parks like Padjelanta (established in 1962 and covering 1,984 square kilometres within the UNESCO World Heritage Site Laponia) feature continuous planked trails, staffed mountain cabins at regular intervals, and suspension bridges across all major rivers, Alajaure remains predominantly a trackless wilderness. The reserve occupies an ecological transition zone where the northern boreal taiga and subalpine birch forests give way to windswept tundra heath, palsa mires, and rocky alpine fells.

Trekking through Alajaure requires self-reliance and specialized knowledge of Arctic terrain. Hikers encounter a landscape shaped by glacial drift, permafrost, and severe subarctic weather. Navigational challenges include interpreting sparse summer trail markers, distinguishing between functional footpaths and seasonal Sámi utility vehicle tracks, fording unbridged rivers, and negotiating open alpine plateaus where low clouds frequently eliminate visual landmarks. Understanding the nature of the terrain—from dense willow scrub and waterlogged bogs to firm tundra heath and jagged block fields—is essential for safe and efficient route planning.

Geographic Setting and Physical Geography

Alajaure Nature Reserve lies approximately 30 kilometres north of the town of Kiruna, between the Torne River valley to the east and the high-alpine massifs of the Swedish-Norwegian border zone to the west. The reserve forms an ecological bridge between the low-lying taiga peatlands and the western mountain highlands. The lowest elevations inside the reserve sit around 450 metres above sea level along the river systems, while the surrounding rounded fells (fjäll) rise to summits between 700 and 950 metres.

The centerpiece of the reserve is Lake Álájávri, situated at an altitude of approximately 455 metres. The lake is relatively shallow and fed by several streams draining the surrounding upland tundra. The Álájohka river flows out of the lake eastward, carrying water toward the Torne River catchment. The broad basin surrounding the lake acts as an immense drainage basin where glacial meltwater and seasonal rain collect in extensive wetland networks, shallow tarns, and braided streams.

The topography was heavily shaped by the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet during the last glacial period. As the ice receded, it deposited moraines, drumlins, and erratic boulders across the landscape. The underlying bedrock consists primarily of ancient Precambrian granite and gneiss, overlain in the western sections by Caledonian metamorphic rocks. This geology, combined with the cold climate, produces thin, nutrient-poor podzolic soils in the wooded areas and juvenile tundra lithosols on the higher plateaus.

Ground Conditions and Walking Terrain

The hiking terrain in Alajaure can be categorized into four primary zones: subalpine birch forest, wetlands and palsa mires, alpine tundra heath, and boulder block fields. The effort required to travel across these zones varies substantially.

Subalpine Birch Forest and Scrub (Fjällbjörkskog)

Between 450 and 550 metres elevation, the landscape is dominated by mountain birch (Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii). Unlike the straight, tall trunks of lowland birch species, mountain birch is gnarled, multi-stemmed, and crooked due to snow load and high winds. The ground beneath the canopy is often a tangled carpet of dwarf birch (Betula nana), juniper (Juniperus communis), and various willow species (Salix).

Walking through this zone can be physically exhausting when off-trail. Fallen deadwood (windthrow), hidden holes between root systems, and dense willow thickets (often called vide in Swedish) restrict forward visibility to a few metres. Willow thickets grow especially dense along streams and lake margins, where they reach heights of 1.5 to 2.5 metres. Forcing a passage through willow scrub requires pushing heavy branches aside, and hiking poles frequently become jammed between stems. Footing in the birch zone is generally damp, with moss-covered mud concealing slick roots and unstable stones.

Wetlands, String Mires, and Palsa Formations

The low-lying valleys and flat depressions around Lake Álájávri feature extensive peatlands, including aapa mires (string bogs) and permafrost-induced palsa mires. A palsa is a peat mound with a permanently frozen ice core that rises above the surrounding wet mire surface. These features can stand 2 to 5 metres high. Palsa mires are environmentally fragile and indicate the presence of discontinuous permafrost.

From a trekking perspective, mires present significant navigational friction. Saturated peat offers little resistance; an unweighted hiker can easily sink past the ankles or up to mid-calf in cold, anaerobic mud. Navigating mires requires hopping between raised sedge tussocks (starrtuvor) or following natural ridges of dwarf birch and crowberry that wind between the open water pools (flarkar). While palsa mounds provide elevated, dry vantage points, their edges can collapse as the internal permafrost core thaws during warm summers, creating pockets of deep, saturated silt.

Alpine Tundra Heath (Kalfjäll)

Once a hiker ascends above the tree line—which typically sits between 500 and 600 metres elevation in this latitude—the landscape changes dramatically. The tree line transition is rapid, opening into the kalfjäll (bare alpine fell or tundra). The kalfjäll consists of sweeping, treeless slopes covered with low-growing tundra heath.

Ground cover here is dominated by crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), alpine bearberry (Arctostaphylos alpina), mountain avens (Dryas octopetala), and diverse lichen species, particularly reindeer lichens (Cladonia spp.). The ground is generally firm, composed of wind-packed mineral soil, gravel, and low, resilient vegetation. Footing is solid, ankle stress is low compared to the boulder-strewn forest floor, and walking speeds can reach 4 to 5 kilometres per hour. In addition, the sustained winds on the kalfjäll keep biting insects (such as mosquitoes and blackflies) away, making this zone the preferred route for distance travel.

Block Fields (Blockmark) and Frost-Shattered Stone

On elevated ridges, plateau crests, and fell summits above 700 metres, vegetation thins out and gives way to expansive block fields (known in Swedish as blockmark or geologically as felsenmeer). These fields consist of jagged boulders and angular rocks split from the bedrock by freeze-thaw cycles (frost shattering).

Crossing block fields requires continuous concentration. Boulders range in size from small cobbles to car-sized slabs. Many rocks rest on precarious balance points and shift underfoot. Lichens—such as the map lichen (Rhizocarpon geographicum)—coat the rock surfaces; when wet with rain, sleet, or morning dew, these lichens become extremely slippery. Trekking across several continuous kilometres of blockmark places heavy mechanical stress on ankles, knees, and footwear, significantly slowing hiking speed down to 1 to 2 kilometres per hour.

Access Routes and Approaches

Accessing Alajaure Nature Reserve requires choosing between distinct approach corridors that present fundamentally different navigational and physical conditions.

The Southeastern Approach: Vuolosjärvi and Kurravaara

A common overland approach from the south begins near the end of the road network north of Kiruna, around Kurravaara or the gravel road known locally as Vuolosjärvivägen (near Lake Vuolosjärvi). The direct cross-country line from Vuolosjärvi northward into the reserve passes through low-elevation boreal forest, spruce windthrow, extensive peat bogs, and dense moraine belts.

Hikers undertaking the direct route off-trail encounter the "Vuolosjärvi bushwhack": a difficult, slow-going journey through moss-choked boulder fields hidden under deep spruce and birch canopies, punctuated by waist-deep willow scrub along unnamed drainage creeks. Progress through this lower forest belt often drops below 1.5 kilometres per hour. To avoid this, experienced trekkers aim to gain elevation as quickly as possible onto the open ridges of nearby hills to reach the open kalfjäll, bypassing the low-lying wet taiga entirely.

The Western and Northern Approaches

Trekkers coming from the west typically approach from the railway line between Kiruna and Narvik (Malmbanan), departing from stations or request stops such as Rensjön, Kaisepakte, or Stenbacken. Another common route runs from the Rautasjaure Nature Reserve, located immediately to the southwest. These western approaches enter Alajaure via high alpine passes, allowing hikers to stay almost entirely above the tree line on solid tundra heath and stony plateaus. However, these western routes involve greater elevation changes, more severe weather exposure, and multiple river crossings.

Trail Systems, Tracks, and Markings

Alajaure does not possess a comprehensively maintained, marked hiking trail system comparable to Sweden's classic tourist routes. Instead, the area features a patchwork of summer paths, winter snowmobile trails, and Sámi utility tracks.

Summer Trails (Sommarleder)

Official summer trails are sparse and marked primarily with occasional cairns (stenrösen)—often painted with an orange or red ring—or simple paint marks on prominent boulders. These markers are spaced far apart, sometimes separated by hundreds of metres where the route follows a logical terrain corridor, such as an esker or an elevated bench. In areas of deep moss, gravel scree, or peat, visible footpaths may disappear entirely, leaving hikers to navigate between distant landmarks.

Winter Trails (Vinterleder)

Winter trails throughout northern Sweden are marked by tall wooden posts topped with red metal crosses (kryssmarkering). These trails are designed exclusively for travel over frozen, snow-covered ground by ski or snowmobile. Hikers must avoid relying on winter trail markers during summer:

• Direct water crossings: Winter trails routinely route directly across Lake Álájávri, minor tarns, and broad river mouths that are impassable without a boat in summer.
• Deep peat bogs: Winter paths cross treacherous, deep-water mires that freeze solid in winter but become knee-deep or waist-deep swamps in July and August.
• Deviations: Summer trails frequently diverge miles away from winter corridors to seek higher, rocky, dry ground.

Sámi Utility Tracks (Fyrhjulingsspår)

Alajaure is an active pastoral landscape used by the Gabna and Talma Sámi communities (samebyar) for reindeer husbandry. Sámi herders use all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and quad bikes (fyrhjuling) during the snow-free months to monitor herds, transport supplies, and access corrals. Over decades, these vehicles have carved linear tracks into the tundra and birch zones.

These quad tracks present both advantages and hazards for hikers:

• Corridor advantages: Through dense birch woodland and tall willow thickets, Sámi quad tracks create clear, open corridors that eliminate the need to push through scrub. They bypass deadfall and establish clear lines through difficult transitional terrain.
• Erosion and bogs: In wet meadows and peat bogs, heavy quad traffic cuts deep parallel ruts into the peat. These ruts frequently fill with stagnant water, turning the track into a deep mud trench that must be bypassed by walking wide on the fragile tundra beside it.
• Navigational divergences: Quad tracks are utilitarian work paths, not tourist trails. They often diverge suddenly toward seasonal reindeer handling corrals, private herding cabins, or dead-end lake shores. A hiker blindly following a quad track may drift miles off their intended route.

Alajaurestugan

The primary built shelter within the reserve is Alajaurestugan (the Alajaure cabin), situated on a peninsula along the south-central shore of Lake Álájávri. The cabin provides basic shelter for reindeer herders, county administrative board (Länsstyrelsen) personnel, and independent wilderness hikers. Facilities are basic: there is no electricity, running water, or cellular phone reception. Users must fetch water directly from the lake, heat the interior with wood-burning stoves, and pack out all refuse. Part of the cabin typically remains unlocked as an emergency shelter for stranded travelers.

River Crossings and Hydrology

One of the primary objective hazards of trekking in Alajaure is fording unbridged rivers and streams (known as vadning in Swedish). Because of the low density of infrastructure, footbridges are virtually non-existent outside of major park boundaries to the west.

Hydrological Patterns

The water level of streams within the reserve is determined by two seasonal inputs: snowmelt and rainfall. The spring thaw (vårflod) typically peaks between late May and mid-June, turning small drainage gullies into raging torrents and submerging riverbank willow thickets. High water conditions often persist into early July if high-elevation snowpacks were heavy.

In mid-summer (late July through August), base water levels drop significantly, leaving many smaller streams easily crossable by stepping from stone to stone. However, Arctic summer cold fronts can deliver 30 to 50 millimetres of sustained rainfall within 24 to 48 hours. In such events, the thin tundra soils and bare bedrock cannot absorb the volume, causing streams to rise rapidly within hours. Trekkers may find a stream that was calf-deep in the morning transformed into an impassable, waist-deep river by evening.

Fording Techniques and Safety Protocols

Safe river crossing in Alajaure requires strict adherence to standardized wilderness fording procedures:

1. Scouting the crossing: The narrowest point of a river is rarely the best place to cross; narrow sections often feature deep channels and rapid, turbulent water. Trekkers should look for wide, braided gravel flats where the river divides into multiple shallow channels.
2. Footwear preparation: Fording barefoot is dangerous; cold water rapidly numbs feet, and glacial silt renders rocks invisible, increasing the risk of broken toes or twisted ankles. Hikers should change into dedicated wading shoes (such as lightweight running shoes or neoprene booties) or use thick waterproof socks while removing insoles and socks from their main boots.
3. Unbuckling pack straps: Before entering the water, the backpack's hip belt and sternum strap must be unclipped. If a hiker loses their footing in swift current, a buckled 20-kilogram backpack acts as an anchor, dragging the wearer under or rolling them face-down. An unbuckled pack can be slipped off instantly to allow swimming.
4. Tripod stance: Hikers should face upstream or slightly diagonal to the current, leaning into the flow with two trekking poles to maintain a continuous three-point contact with the riverbed. Crossing in pairs or trios with linked arms significantly increases stability against powerful currents.

Navigation Techniques in Arctic Terrain

The combination of featureless rolling plateaus, sparse trail markings, and unpredictable weather makes navigation in Alajaure an active, continuous task.

Map and Compass Practice

The standard topographic maps for this region are the Lantmäteriet Fjällkarta series at 1:100,000 scale (specifically sheet BD6: Abisko–Kebnekaise–Narvik) and the newer 1:50,000 topographic maps (Terrängkartan). Due to the subtle relief of the upland plateaus, the 1:50,000 scale is preferred for cross-country navigation because its 10-metre or 20-metre contour intervals reveal small eskers, moraine ridges, and minor stream defiles that are invisible on 1:100,000 maps.

Magnetic declination in this sector of Norrbotten County is relatively small—currently between 5° and 9° East of true north, depending on the exact year and longitude—but it is sufficient to introduce measurable navigational error over a cross-country bearing of 10 kilometres. Hikers must adjust their grid bearings to field compass headings accordingly.

Terrain Association and Navigational Handrails

Because the open tundra offers few vertical landmarks (such as sharp peaks or artificial structures), navigation relies heavily on "handrailing" linear geographic features:

• Watercourse tracing: Following distinct stream systems or lake chains provides positive continuous positioning.
• Contour following: Walking along a specific elevation line on a hillside allows a hiker to navigate around swampy valley floors while avoiding rocky ridge tops.
• Glacial features: Eskers (elongated gravel ridges deposited by glacial meltwater streams) provide elevated, dry, linear pathways through wet lowlands. These can be followed for kilometres as natural highways.

Navigation in Low Visibility (Fjälldimma)

One of the primary hazards on the kalfjäll is the rapid arrival of fjälldimma (mountain fog). When low-pressure maritime air moves eastward from the Atlantic over the mountain crest, cloud bases can drop to 500 metres within 20 minutes, enveloping the plateaus in a dense whiteout.

In dense fog, the uniform tundra heath provides no horizon or depth perception. Without distinctive landmarks, human beings naturally walk in circles due to minor biomechanical asymmetries. Under these conditions, dead reckoning must be employed:

1. Take a precise compass bearing to the destination or an intermediate waypoint.
2. Send a hiking partner forward to the edge of visibility along that bearing, correcting their position with the compass, then walk to meet them. If solo, identify a distinctive rock or tussock 30 to 50 metres ahead on the bearing, advance to it, and repeat the process.
3. Count paces (double-steps) to measure ground distance covered, accounting for terrain difficulty (which increases pace counts per 100 metres).
4. Cross-reference elevation using a calibrated barometric altimeter to verify position against contour lines on the map.

Electronic Navigation and Satellite Communication

Handheld GPS devices and smartphones loaded with offline topographic vector maps (such as Lantmäteriet's official open geographic data) are valuable tools in Alajaure. However, cold temperatures rapidly degrade lithium battery performance, and driving rain or sleet can render capacitive touchscreens unusable. Electronic devices must be treated as secondary backups to a physical paper map sealed in a waterproof case and a magnetic baseplate compass.

There is zero commercial cellular network coverage (GSM/LTE/5G) across almost the entirety of Alajaure Nature Reserve. Cellular signals from Kiruna, Kurravaara, or the E10 highway corridor cease abruptly once descending behind the outer ridges. Trekkers must carry dedicated two-way satellite communicators (such as Garmin inReach, ZOLEO, or ACR Bivy Stick) operating on satellite networks like Iridium to send emergency distress signals or receive severe weather alerts.

Seasonal Considerations and Climate Dynamics

The Arctic climate of Alajaure dictates narrow operational windows for hiking. The year is characterized by long, dark, subarctic winters and short, intense summers with continuous daylight.

Season / Period	Ground Conditions	Daylight	Primary Hazards and Notes
Early Summer (Mid-June to early July)	Extensive snow patches remain on north-facing slopes and high passes. Valley soils are completely saturated with snowmelt. Rivers running high and violent.	24 hours (Midnight sun)	Hypothermic water temperatures; dangerous river crossings; soft snow bridges that collapse under body weight; trail infrastructure inaccessible.
Mid-Summer (Mid-July to early August)	Driest ground conditions of the year. Low vegetation blooming. Mires firm up slightly. Birch forest fully leafed out.	20 to 24 hours	Peak mosquito, blackfly, and horsefly populations (can cause psychological distress and sleep deprivation); sudden violent afternoon thunderstorms.
Late Summer / Autumn (Mid-August to mid-September)	Vegetation turns red, yellow, and orange (ruska). Subalpine willow scrub dies back. Insect activity drops to near zero after first night frosts.	13 to 17 hours (Nights become dark)	Rapid temperature drops below freezing at night; early-season blizzards and sleet storms; shorter daylight hours requiring headlamps; slippery wet lichens.
Winter / Spring (October to May)	Landscape completely frozen and covered in deep snow. Lakes frozen solid (ice thickness 50–100 cm by late winter).	0 to 18 hours (Polar night in Dec–Jan)	Severe cold (-20°C to -40°C); ground blizzards; avalanche danger in lee terrain; strictly ski, snowshoe, or snowmobile travel.

Weather Extremes and Hypothermia Risks

Alajaure lies in a zone of collision between moist maritime air from the North Atlantic and dry continental air masses from northern Eurasia. This leads to rapid weather transitions. A calm, sunny day with temperatures around 20°C can shift within three hours into a gale-force northwesterly front bringing wind-driven rain, sleet, and temperatures dropping to 2°C or 3°C.

The combination of wind (20 to 30 metres per second on exposed fells), rain, and near-freezing temperatures poses an immediate risk of accidental hypothermia. Wind strip-mines heat from wet clothing far faster than the human body can generate it. Hikers must carry high-quality, windproof, and waterproof hardshell garments (rated to minimum 20,000 mm hydrostatic head) and avoid cotton clothing entirely, using wool or synthetic midlayers that retain thermal insulative properties when damp.

Environmental Regulations and Sámi Culture

Alajaure is not an uninhabited wasteland; it is an ancestral cultural landscape managed and utilized by Indigenous Sámi reindeer herders for centuries.

Reindeer Husbandry Protocol

The reserve provides vital seasonal grazing lands for the Gabna and Talma samebyar (reindeer herding pastoral collectives). Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) are semi-domesticated animals that are exceptionally sensitive to human presence, particularly during specific seasonal windows:

• Calving season (May to early June): Female reindeer (vajor) drop their calves on high, quiet slopes. Disturbances can cause mothers to abandon newborn calves. Trekkers should avoid visiting the reserve during this vulnerable period.
• Summer grazing and insect avoidance (July): On warm days, herds gather on remaining snowfields or windy fell crests to escape parasitic flies and mosquitoes. Hikers should never approach, chase, or attempt to photograph herds closely. If a herd crosses your path, sit down, remain quiet, and wait for them to pass.
• Dog regulations: Under Swedish law and nature reserve regulations, domestic dogs must be kept on a physical leash at all times within Alajaure. An unrestrained dog can scatter a herd across miles, resulting in severe physical injury or death to calves and financial harm to herders.

Nature Reserve By-Laws and Allemansrätten

While the Swedish Right of Public Access (Allemansrätten) applies broadly across the country, it is constrained within nature reserves by special statutory regulations (föreskrifter) issued by the Norrbotten County Administrative Board:

• Camping: Pitching a tent is permitted throughout most of the reserve, provided the site is moved regularly and does not damage fragile tundra vegetation or disturb nesting bird colonies.
• Fires: Campfires are strictly prohibited in zones where living dwarf birch, subalpine birch, or fallen deadwood would be harvested. Dead mountain birch wood decomposes slowly in the Arctic climate and provides vital habitat for saproxylic insects and fungi. Fires should only be built using packed-in camp stoves (gas or liquid fuel).
• Bird Sanctuary Restrictions: Lake Álájávri includes designated bird sanctuary areas with seasonal access bans (fågelskyddsområde). Entering specific bays, islands, or shoreline nesting sectors during the primary breeding window (usually May 1 to July 31 or August 15) is punishable under Swedish environmental law.
• Leave No Trace: All modern waste, including packaging, broken equipment, and sanitary products, must be carried out of the reserve. Human waste must be buried in mineral soil at least 100 metres away from lakes, streams, and trail routes.

Route Profiles and Section Planning

When assembling an itinerary across Alajaure, hikers can model their expected times and energy expenditure using standardized route segments. The following table illustrates typical logistical conditions across primary corridors inside and adjacent to the reserve:

Route Segment	Distance / Gain	Dominant Terrain	Navigational Difficulty	Average Walking Speed
Vuolosjärvi Trailhead to Birch Zone Border (Southern approach corridor)	12 km +150 m / -50 m	Dense taiga, spruce windthrow, wet string mires, willow-lined creeks.	High (faint paths, false game trails, overgrown quad ruts).	1.5 to 2.5 km/h
Transition Zone to Upper Plateau (Climb through tree line)	6 km +250 m / -20 m	Rocky birch scrub, transitioning into low dwarf birch and dry crowberry heath.	Moderate (visual landmarks emerge as elevation increases).	2.5 to 3.5 km/h
Upland Tundra to Alajaurestugan (Across central kalfjäll)	14 km +100 m / -180 m	Open tundra heath, dry lichen flats, firm peat ridges, minor stream fords.	Moderate (open sightlines, but dangerous in whiteout conditions).	3.5 to 4.5 km/h
Lake Álájávri Basin Margins (Circumnavigating wet zones)	10 km +40 m / -40 m	Saturated peat, palsa formations, extensive sedge tussocks, deep willow scrub.	High (route finding around water channels and deep bogs).	2.0 to 2.5 km/h
Northern Ridge Traverse (Toward Torneträsk catchment)	16 km +350 m / -300 m	Block fields (blockmark), frost-shattered scree, high alpine stony passes.	High (slippery rock, shifting boulders, heavy knee/ankle impact).	1.5 to 2.5 km/h

Equipment Requirements for Alajaure Terrain

The specialized ground conditions and absence of supply points require equipment tailored specifically to subarctic tundra travel:

• Footwear selection: The traditional debate in Swedish fell walking is between stiff membrane-lined mountaineering boots (e.g., Gore-Tex) and traditional Scandinavian unlined leather shell boots (such as Lundhags). Shell boots dry significantly faster after complete submergence during river crossings or bog immersion. Ultralight trail runners can be used in mid-summer by experienced hikers who accept permanently wet feet, provided they carry waterproof socks (membrane socks) or neoprene booties to prevent trench foot and hypothermia during cold rainstorms.
• Trekking poles: Two adjustable trekking poles are practically indispensable in this terrain. They provide vital stability when crossing block fields, testing the structural load of peat bogs, parting dense willow thickets, and anchoring against swift currents while fording.
• Four-season mountain shelter: Tents must be capable of withstanding sustained gale-force winds without collapsing. Free-standing geodesic designs or robust Scandinavian tunnel tents with heavy-duty aluminum poles and reinforced guyline points are standard. Stakes must be versatile: standard wire pegs fail in soft peat, requiring broader snow/sand anchors, large stones, or deadwood stakes to secure guylines on tundra turf.
• Repair materials: Due to the abrasive nature of blockmark granite and dense willow branches, hikers should carry heavy-duty nylon patch tape (such as Tenacious Tape), spare pole splints, seam sealer, and replacement cordage.

See also

• Padjelanta National Park
• Abisko National Park
• Kungsleden (The King's Trail)
• Laponia (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• Fell (Kalfjäll)
• Palsa mire
• Sámi reindeer husbandry
• Torne River